Gynecological Care

A gynaecological examination is a routine medical check in which the health of the female reproductive organs is assessed, with the aim of detecting conditions at an early stage.

What does the examination include?

The visit consists of a review of symptoms and medical history, general and pelvic examination, ultrasound where indicated, and screening tests. During the pelvic examination the external genitalia, vagina and cervix are assessed; the uterus and ovaries can be visualised by ultrasound. In women who have not had sexual intercourse, the examination may be limited to abdominal ultrasound and external inspection.

Why are regular check-ups important?

Cervical cell changes, ovarian cysts, fibroids and some infections can progress for a long time without symptoms. Regular check-ups allow such conditions to be identified early. An annual gynaecological assessment is generally advised even in the absence of complaints; the interval may vary according to individual risk factors.

Screening tests

• Smear (Pap) test: examination of a cell sample taken from the cervix. The national screening programme in Türkiye recommends HPV testing or a smear every five years between ages 30 and 65; the physician may set a different interval based on personal history.
• HPV DNA test: detects high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer.
• Ultrasound: used for structural assessment of the uterus, endometrial thickness and ovaries.
• Breast examination and mammography: mammography every two years from age 40 under the national programme.

Symptoms that warrant an examination

• Irregular, heavy or prolonged periods, bleeding between periods
• Pelvic pain, pain during intercourse
• Discharge with a change in colour or odour, itching, burning
• Bleeding after menopause
• Planning a pregnancy or difficulty conceiving

Preparing for the visit

For a smear test, choose a time outside menstruation and avoid vaginal medication or douching for 24–48 hours beforehand. Informing the physician about current medication, previous operations and family history of cancer makes the assessment easier.