Common Questions

A first assessment is advised ideally between weeks 6 and 8 of pregnancy. It confirms that the pregnancy is inside the uterus, establishes the gestational age and sets the follow-up plan. Bleeding or severe pain should be assessed without delay.

Cycles consistently shorter than 21 or longer than 38 days, no period for more than three months, bleeding that requires changing a pad every hour, bleeding between periods and bleeding after menopause all need assessment. Causes include hormonal disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid disease and structural conditions of the uterus.

Smear and HPV tests detect cervical cell changes that could lead to cervical cancer and high-risk HPV types before symptoms appear. The national screening programme recommends an HPV test every five years between the ages of 30 and 65.

A marked change in the colour, odour or consistency of discharge, itching, burning, and pain during intercourse or urination may be signs of a vaginal infection. Because the symptoms overlap, an examination is needed for diagnosis; self-medication is not advised.

Ultrasound scans, blood and urine tests, first-trimester screening at weeks 11–14, the detailed anatomy scan at weeks 18–23, glucose screening at weeks 24–28, blood pressure and weight monitoring and assessment of fetal growth are carried out regularly. The frequency of visits is set by the physician according to the course of the pregnancy.

The mode of birth is decided on medical criteria according to the health of mother and baby. Where there is no medical contraindication, vaginal birth is the preferred option; caesarean section is performed when medically necessary, for example in placenta praevia, labour that fails to progress or signs of fetal distress.

Hot flushes, night sweats, sleep disturbance, irregular periods, mood changes, vaginal dryness and urinary frequency are common symptoms of the menopausal period. Severity varies between individuals; any bleeding after menopause needs assessment.

Assessment of the couple is advised if pregnancy has not occurred after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. Over the age of 35 this period is taken as six months; assessment may be earlier where there is menstrual irregularity or a known reproductive health problem.

These procedures are considered when a functional complaint has been documented by a physician, such as friction, irritation or poorly healed tears after childbirth. A difference in appearance alone is not a disease; every surgical procedure carries risks, and the decision is made jointly after detailed information.